Staphylococcus aureus caused 30 of 438 (7%) cases of bacteremia in neutropenic patients with cancer during a 10-year study period. Acute leukemia as an underlying disease and severe oral mucositis were more frequent among patients with Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia (57% vs. 33%, P=0.01, and 32% vs. 12%, P=0.006, respectively) than among the 151 patients who had gram-negative bacteremia during the same study period. The most frequent source of Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia was the venous catheter (35% vs. 1%; P=0.00001). Septic metastases were more frequent in patients with Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia (14% vs. 4%, P=0.03). Attributable mortality was 10% and overall mortality 23%. Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia remains a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in neutropenic patients with cancer.